Chemical Engineering Fundamentals in Biological Systems

Graphics: Jim Shimota, Timothy Mashue, Sujata Naik and Alex Wozniak.

NSF Project "Biomolecular Engineering: From Molecules to Tissues"
Combined Research Curriculum Development Grant No. EEC 9420567

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The modules described in this booklet are:

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Introduction

The accompanying CD contains both Macintosh and Windows versions of the following multimedia-based educational modules, which focus on applications of chemical engineering concepts in biological systems:

TITLE	TOPIC	AUTHORS
BALANCES	Material balances on cell growth, an artificial kidney, and a cheese factory.	Prof. Henry Wang with Tim Polsinelli and Helena Hennighausen
OXYGEN TRANSPORT	Convection and diffusion of oxygen through the bodyís circulatory system.	Prof. David Mooney with Jonah Klein, Danielle Bauer, Tim Polsinelli, Dylan Heldsinger, and Brian Stutland
ADSORPTION	Adsorption applications in biological separations, with case studies	Prof. Mark Burns and Henry Wang with Phil Cusick, John Chan, Sam Catalano, Tim Polsinelli, Jason Arthur, Adam Deedler, and Jason Holmberg
RECEPTORS	Kinetics of receptor-ligand binding, with case studies	Profs. Jennifer Linderman and David Mooney with Ken Wong, Renee St. Germaine, and Tim Polsinelli
KINETICS AND BIOREMEDIATION	Kinetics of bioremediation and bacteria profile modification.	Prof. H. Scott Fogler with Dong Shik Kim, Arturo Esquinca, and Phil Skavnak.

These modules, developed by University of Michigan faculty and students, were designed to run on Macintosh System 7.0.1 or above and Windows 95 or Windows NT systems. The modules may be run from the CD or copied onto a hard-drive, and they may be installed on educational computer networks or individual studentsí computers. To run each module simply open the corresponding folder and double click on the module icon. Note that the KINETICS, ADSORPTION, and RECEPTORS modules contain simulators that require Excel 5.0 or higher.

Quicktime® is needed to view the movies. The Quicktime extension can be downloaded from the CD-ROM.

MATERIAL BALANCES

Material balances on cell growth, an artificial kidney, and a cheese factory

Relevant textbook chapters:

Felder, R.M. and R.W. Rousseau, Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1986, Chapter 4.

Himmelblau, D.M. Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996, Chapter 3.

Module Sections:

Mass Balance Review	Presentation of the algorithm to solve material balance problems used in the module.
Cheese Plant	Interactive mass balance on a cheese factory. Includes a description of the cheese manufacturing process.
Artificial Kidney	Interactive mass balance on a reactive system, an artificial kidney. No atom balances or stoichiometric tables required. Includes a description of artificial kidneys.
Cell Metabolism	Interactive mass balance on growing cells, requiring atom balances. Includes description of the steps in cell metabolism.

Suggestions for use:

This module can be used at three stages in a material balances course. The Mass Balance Review and Cheese plant sections are applicable after an introductory lecture on mass balances. The Artificial Kidney section includes reactions but no atom balances. Once atom balances have been covered, students are prepared to move on to the Cell Metabolism section. None of the sections involve recycle streams. Although a calculator is provided to help students solve the multiple equations that result from the balances, you might suggest that they bring their own for added convenience.


Review of mass balance algorithm	Beginning steps, cheese plant mass balance

OXYGEN TRANSPORT

Convection and diffusion of oxygen through the bodyís circulatory system, with case studies

Relevant textbook chapters:

Geankoplis, Christie J., Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1993, Chapters 6 and 7.

Welty, J.R., C.E. Wicks and R.E. Wilson, Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed., New York: Wiley, 1984, Chapters 26-28.

Module Sections:

Introduction	Qualitative description of convection and diffusion and their effects on oxygen transport throughout the circulatory system.
Review	Review of the overall mass transfer equation. Includes simplifications for the convection-dominant and conduction-dominant cases, as well as an in-depth review of Fickís Law.
Analysis	Relevant equations of convection and diffusion. Student help in the simplification of the mass transfer equation to develop the Krogh cylinder model for oxygen diffusion from capillaries.
Case studies	Explore the analysis and solution of the mass transfer equation for different geometries.

Suggestions for use:

This module could be assigned as a homework problem or for review on convection and diffusion. A number of multiple choice questions are included to help the student understand the concepts being presented.


Introduction to convection and diffusion	Simplification of the mass transfer equation

ADSORPTION

Applications of adsorption in biological separations, with a case study

Relevant textbook chapter:

Geankoplis, Christie J., Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1993, Chapter 12. Module Sections:

Module Overview	Definitions of adsorption, and module outline
Review	Detailed review of adsorption isotherms, balances on adsorption columns, and relevant dimensionless numbers.
Simulator	Allows students to select values for adsorbent diameter, fluid velocity, column length, maximum concentration of solute on adsorbent, the adsorption constant, and feed concentration, and learn the relative effects on exiting adsorbent concentration.
Case study	Role of affinity chromatography in the purification of monoclonal antibodies.

Suggestions for use:

The review section of the module is quite thorough, so you might assign it as homework prior to covering the material in class, then do an overview in class. The simulator could be run in class, asking students to predict the behavior of the column, and using the simulator to confirm the answers, or could be assigned as a homework problem. Note that Excel 5.0 is required to run the simulator.


Adsorption column balance equations	Affinity adsorption case study

RECEPTORS

Kinetics of receptor-ligand binding, with case studies

Relevant textbook chapters:

Fogler, H.S. Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 3rd ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998, Chapter 4.

Lauffenburger, D.A. and J.J. Linderman Receptors: Models for Binding, Trafficking, and Signaling, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, Chapter 2.

Module Sections:

Introduction	Introduction to receptors, receptor-ligand binding and corresponding analysis techniques.
Receptors and ligands	Brief overview of major types of receptor-ligand systems.
Interactions/kinetics	Quantitative derivation of a simple kinetic model of receptor-ligand binding. A simulator allows students to explore the effects of ligand concentration, reaction rate constants, total number of receptors and initial number of receptor-ligand complexes on binding.
Case studies	An allergy case study explores the role of signal transduction in allergic responses. A tissue engineering case study focuses on the seeding of cells on an artificial matrix. Both case studies include a large number of challenging multiple-choice questions.

Suggestions for use:

This module can be assigned after basic kinetics concepts have been taught, although the section of dimensionless numbers may be daunting then. Students need not have any prior exposure to receptor biology to successfully complete this module. Note that Excel 5.0 is required to run the simulator.


Kinetics of receptor-ligand binding	Tissue engineering case study

KINETICS AND BIOREMEDIATION

Kinetics of bioremediation and bacteria profile modification.

Relevant textbook chapters:

Fogler, H.S. Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 3rd ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998, Chapter 7. Module Sections:

Biokinetics	Introduction to the kinetics of cell growth, and the derivation of kinetic equations for batch and continuous reactors.
Applications to BPM	Introduction to bacteria profile modification and its application in oil recovery. Includes an overview of cell growth and permeability reduction models. A simulator allows students to explore the effect of kinetic parameters and initial concentration of glucose, fructose and sucrose on cell growth.
Bioremediation	Basics of in-situ bioremediation, such as carbon tetrachloride degradation using bacteria. The role of cell-cell and cell-surface interactions in the retention and transport of bacteria are also discussed.

Suggestions for use:

This module should be assigned after batch and continuous balances have been introduced. Includes optional advanced material that is not essential for successful completion of the module. Note that Excel 5.0 is required to run the simulator.


Bio-Kinetics main menu	Continuous reactors in series

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