Papers Published in Peer Reviewed Journals

1. Clemens Brunner, Bernhard Graimann, Jane E. Huggins, Simon P. Levine, Gert Pfurtscheller, "Phase relationships between different subdural electrode recordings in man," Neuroscience Letters, 2005 Feb, 28; 375(2):69-74.
2. J.E. Huggins, R.C. Welsh, V. Swaminathan, D.N. Minecan, B. Graimann, Y. Jin, S.P. Levine, "fMRI for the prediction of direct brain interface recording location," Proceedings of the 2nd International Brain-Computer Interface Workshop and Training Course, Biomedizinische Technik, Supplement (Erganzungsband) 1, Band 49, pp. 5-10, 2004.
3. G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, "Brain-computer communication based on the dynamics of brain oscillations." Suppl Clin Neurophysiol., 57:583-91, 2004, PMID: 16106660.
4. B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, G. Pfurtscheller: "Towards a direct brain interface based on human subdural recordings and wavelet packet analysis," IEEE Trans BME, 51(6):954-962, 2004.
5. G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, L.A. Schuh, Spatiotemporal patterns of beta desynchronization and gamma synchronization in corticographic data during self-paced movement", Clinical Neurophysiology, 114(7):1226-36, Jul 2003.
6. B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, A. Schloegl, S.P. Levine, G. Pfurtscheller: "Detection Of Movement-Related Desynchronization Patterns In Ongoing Single Channel Electrocorticogram." IEEE Trans Neural Sys. Rehab. Eng. 11(3):276-281, 2003.
7. R. Scherer, B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, and G. Pfurtscheller, "Frequency Component Selection for an ECoG-based Brain Computer Interface," Biomed. Technik., Vol 48, p. 31-36 2003.
8. M. M. Rohde, S. L. BeMent, J. E. Huggins, S. P. Levine, R. K. Kushwaha, L. A. Schuh, "Quality Estimation of Subdurally Recorded, Event Related Potentials Based on Signal to Noise Ratio." IEEE Transactions Biomed. Eng., Vol 49:1 p. 31-40, 2002.
9. B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, G. Pfurtscheller: "Visualization of significant ERD/ERS patterns in multichannel EEG and ECoG data", Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol 113:1 p. 43-47, 2002.
10. S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, S.L. BeMent, R. K. Kushwaha, L.A. Schuh, M.M. Rohde, E.A. Passaro, D.A. Ross K.V. Elisevich, B.J. Smith: "A Direct Brain Interface Based on Event-Related Potentials." IEEE Transactions on Rehab. Eng., Vol. 8:2 p. 180-185, 2000.
11. S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins,S.L. BeMEnt, R.K. Kushwaha, L.A. Schuh, D.A. Ross, M.M. Rohde: "A Direct Brain Interface Based on Identification of Electrocorticogram Patterns Related to Voluntary Actions." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 16:5, p. 439-447, 1999.
12. J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, S.L. BeMEnt, R.K. Kushwaha, L.A. Schuh, D.A. Ross, M.M. Rohde: "Detection of Event-Related Potentials for Development of a Direct Brain Interface." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 16:5, p. 448-455, 1999.

Papers Published in Conference Proceedings

1. B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, G. Pfurtscheller, "An Assessment of ECoG Signals for Direct Brain Communication," Brain-Computer Interface Technology: Third International Meeting, Rensselaerville, NY, June 14-19, 2005.
2. J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, V. Solo, J.A. Fessler, D.M. Minecan, S.Y.Chun, R. K. Kushwaha, S.L. BeMent, O. Sagher, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, "University of Michigan Direct Brain Interface: 2005 Update," Brain-Computer Interface Technology: Third International Meeting, Rensselaerville, NY, June 14-19, 2005.
3. J.A. Fessler, S.Y. Chun, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, "Detection of Event-Related Spectral Changes in Electrocorticograms," 2nd International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, March 16-19, p.269-272, 2005.
4. J. E. Huggins, S. P. Levine, J. A. Fessler, W. M. Sowers, G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, A. Schloegl, D. N. Minecan, R. K. Kushwaha, S. L. BeMent, O. Sagher, L. A. Schuh, "Electrocorticogram as the Basis for a Direct Brain Interface: Opportunities for Improved Detection Accuracy," The First International IEEE EMB Conference on Neural Engineering, pp. 587-590, March 20-22, 2003.
5. B. Graimann, J. E. Huggins, S. P. Levine, G. Pfurtscheller, "Detection of ERP and ERD/ERS Patterns in Single ECoG Channels." The First International IEEE EMB Conference on Neural Engineering, pp. 614-617, March 20-22, 2003.
6. J. Vaideeswaran, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, R.K. Kushwaha, S.L. BeMent, D.N. Minecan, L.A. Schuh, O. Sagher, "Feedback Experiments To Improve The Detection Of Event-Related Potentials In Electrocorticogram Signals," Proc. RESNA 03, June 20-23, 2003.
7. B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, G. Pfurtscheller: "Detection of movement-related Patterns in single ECoG channels." Proc. Europ. Med. Bio. Eng. Conference EMBEC 02, pp. 1312-1313, 2002.
8. J.E. Huggins, M.M. Rohde, S.P. Levine, R.K. Kushwaha, S.L.BeMent, E.A. Passaro, K.J. Leneway, "Feedback to Improve Detection of Event-Related Potentials in Electrocorticogram," Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control: Second International Meeting: Moving Beyond Demonstration Program and Abstracts, The Rensselaerville Institute, p. 90-91, 2002.
9. S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, J.A. Fessler, W.M. Sowers, R.K.Kushwaha, S.L.BeMent, D.N. Minecan, O. Sagher, K.J. Leneway, J.J.Choi, S.J. Grikschat , L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, "University of Michigan Direct Brain Interface: 2002 Update," Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control: Second International Meeting: Moving Beyond Demonstration Program and Abstracts, The Rensselaerville Institute, p. 54, 2002.
10. W.M. Sowers, J.A. Fessler, S.P.Levine, J.E. Huggins, "Detection of Event-Related Signals in Electrocorticogram," Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control: Second International Meeting: Moving Beyond Demonstration Program and Abstracts, The Rensselaerville Institute, p. 105, 2002.
11. G.G. Ferrise, J.E. Huggins, J.A. Fessler, S.P. Levine: "Triggerless Movement Specific Template Development for Use in Detecting Event Related Potentials." Chicago 2000, World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, paper TU-FXH-131, 2000.
12. S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, S.L. Bement, M.M. Rohde, E.A. Passaro, R.K. Kushwa, L.A. Schuh, D.A. Ross, K.V. Elisevich, B.J. Smith: "A Direct Brain Interface Based Upon Detection of Event Related Potentials in an Electrocorticogram." Brain-computer Interface Technology: Theory and Practice - First International Meeting Program and Papers, Wadsworth Center Brain-Computer Interface Project, p. 74-75, 1999.
13. M.M. Rohde, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, R.K. Kushwaha, E.A. Passaro: "Event Related Potential Acquisition, Analysis, and Training System." Conf. Proc.: IEEE Conf. Eng. Med. & Bio. 1999.
14. U.H. Balbale, J.E. Huggins, S.L.BeMent, S.P. Levine: "Multi-Channel Analysis of Human Event-Related Cortical Potentials for the Development of a Direct Brain Interface. Conf. Proc.: IEEE Conf. Eng. Med. & Bio. 1999
15. M.M. Rohde, S.L. BeMent, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, R.K. Kushwaha, D.A. Ross: "Real Time ERP Analyzer for a Rehabilitative Direct Brain Interface." Proc. of the AAMI's 33rd Annual Meeting and Expo, AAMI, p. 60-61, 1998.
16. M.M. Rohde, S.L. BeMent, S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, R.K. Kushwaha: "Signal to Noise Ratio Based Sorting of Voluntary Event Related Potential Averages for Assistive Technology Applications," Proc of the RESNA 98 Annual Conf, pp. 381-383, 1998.
    Abstract
17. M.M. Rohde, J.E. Huggins, S.L. BeMent, S.P. Levine, R.K. Kushwaha, L.A. Schuh, D.A. Ross: "Use of a Running Signal to Noise Ratio to Identify Voluntary Event Related Cortical Potentials," Conf. Proc.: IEEE Conf. Eng. Med. & Bio., pp.1500-1503, 1997.
    Abstract
18. J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, D.A. Ross, R.K. Kushwaha, L.A. Schuh, M.M. Rohde, S.L. BeMent: "Intra-Operative Recording Of Electrocorticogram For The Development Of A Direct Brain Interface," Proc of the RESNA 97 Annual Conf, pp. 552-554, 1997.
    Abstract
19. S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, S.L. BeMent, L.A. Schuh, R.K. Kushwaha, D.A. Ross, M.M. Rohde: "Intracranial Detection of Movement-Related Potentials for Operation of a Direct Brain Interface," Conf. Proc.: IEEE Conf. Eng. Med. & Bio., 1996, Paper #350, 2.7.1-3.
    Abstract
20. J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, S.L. BeMent, R.K. Kushwaha, L.A. Schuh, M.M. Rohde: "Detection of Event-Related Potentials as the Basis for a Direct Brain Interface," Proc of the RESNA'96 Annual Conf, pp. 489-491, 1996.
    Abstract
21. J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, R. Kushwaha, S. BeMent, L.A. Schuh, D.A. Ross: "Identification of Cortical Signal Patterns Related to Human Tongue Protrusion," Proc. of the RESNA'95 Annual. Conf., pp. 670-672, 1995.
    Abstract

Published Abstracts

• V.Swaminathan , J.E. Huggins, R.C. Welsh, D.N. Minecan, B. Graimann, Y. Jin, S.P. Levine, "fMRI studies to help plan implants for a Direct Brain Interface," Neural Interfaces Workshop, Nov. 15-17, 2004.
• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, J.A. Fessler, D.M. Minecan, S.L. BeMent, R. K. Kushwaha, O. Sagher, J. Vaideeswaran, Y. Jin, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, "2003 Progress on a Direct Brain Interface Based on Detection of ERPs in EcoG", 34th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, Oct. 21-23, 2003.
• J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, R.K. Kushwaha, O. Sagher, S.L. BeMent, D.N. Minecan J. Vaideeswaran,, L.A. Schuh, H. Parikh: "2002 Progress on a Direct Brain Interface Based on Detection of ERPs in ECoG: Feedback Experiments." Thirty Third Neural Prosthesis Workshop, National Institute of Health, October, 2002.
• W.M. Sowers, J.A. Fessler, S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins: "Combinations of Event-Related Potentials and Spectral Changes for Event Detection in Electrocorticogram." Thirty Third Neural Prosthesis Workshop, National Institute of Health, October, 2002.
• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, E.A. Passaro, R.K. Kushwaha, O. Sagher, J.A. Fessler, S.L. BeMent, J.B. Carneal, W.M. Sowers, "An Approach to a Direct Brain Interface Using Intracortical Recordings," American Paraplegic Society, 48th Annual Conference Program and Abstracts, p., 29, September 2002
• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, J.A. Fessler, E.A. Passaro, S.L. BeMent, R. K. Kushwaha, O. Sagher, S.M. Laux, W.M. Sowers, J.B. Carneal, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, "2001 Progress on a Direct Brain Interface Based on Detection of ERPs in ECoG," 32th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NIH, Oct 2001.
• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, M.M. Rohde, R.K. Kushwaha, U.H. Balbale, S.L. BeMent, E.A. Passaro, D.A. Ross, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich,: "1999 Progress on a Direct Brain Interface Based on Event Detection in Electrocorticogram," 30th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NINDS/NIH, Oct 1999.
• S.P. Levine, Ph.D., S.L. BeMent, Ph.D., J.E. Huggins, Ph.d., M.M. Rohde, M.S., R.K. Kushwaha, Ph.D., E.A. Passaro, M.D., D.A. Ross, M.D., "Continuing Efforts Towards Development of a Direct Brain Interface Based on Event-Related Potentials," 29th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NINDS/NIH, Oct 28-30, 1998.
  
• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, S.L. BeMent, M. Rohde, R.K. Kushwaha, D.A. Ross: "Direct Brain Interface for Control of Assistive Technologies." 28th Annual Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NINDS/NIH, October, 1997.
• J.E. Huggins, M.S.E., S.P. Levine, Ph.D., S.L. BeMent, Ph.D., L.A. Schuh, M.D., R.K. Kushwaha, Ph.D., M.M. Rohde, B.S.E., "Identification of Event-Related Potentials for a Direct Brain Interface to Control Assistive Technology," 26th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NINDS/NIH, 1995.

Book Chapters

• JE Huggins, B Graimann, SY Chun, JA Fessler, SP Levine. "Electrocorticogram as a Brain Computer Interface Signal Source," in Towards Brain-Computer Interfacing, edited by G Dornhege, JdR Millan, T Hinterberger and D McFarland, KR Meuller, MIT Press, pp. 129-145, 2007.

Doctoral Dissertations

• Voluntary Control of Cortical Event Related Potentials, Mitchell Max Rohde, 2000, Abstract
• Event-Related Potentials From the Human Cortex as the Basis of a Direct Brain Interface for the Operation of Assistive Technology, Jane Elizabeth Huggins,1997, Abstract

Other Presentations

• J.E. Huggins, "University of Michigan Direct Brain Interface: 2005 Update," Brain-Computer Interface Technology: Third International Meeting, Rensselaerville, NY, June 14-19, 2005.
• Jeffrey Fessler, Simon P.Levine, "Model-Based Detection Of Event-Related Signals In Electrocorticogram," part of the workshop "Towards Brain-Computer Interfacing" at the 18th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 2004. Abstract
• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, J.A. Fessler, W.M. Sowers, D.N. Minecan, R.K. Kushwaha, S.L. BeMent, O.Sagher, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, A. Schlvgl, R. Scherer: "An ECoG Based BCI: The University of Michigan Direct Brain Interface." Graz International BCI Workshop, September, 2002.
• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins: "Direct Brain Interfaces: Present, Future, and Science Fiction". Naval War College, November, 2002
• J.E. Huggins, T. Vaughan, S.P. Levine, P. Kennedy, M. Moore: "Direct Brain Interfaces: Current Status and Clinical Considerations." RESNA Annual Conference, June, 2002.
• S.P. Levine: "Direct Brain Interface: Will Rehabilitation Research and Science Fiction Meet?" Fourth Annual Visiting Scholar Lecture, Dept. of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, May 2001.
• S.P. Levine: "Direct Brain Interface Based on Event Detection in ECoG", 31st Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NINDS/NIH, Oct 25-27, 2000.
• S.P. Levine & J.E. Huggins: "Humans Research Participants: Direct Brain Interface Development - A Case Study in Ethical Complexities." NIH/Whitaker Workshop on Assistive Technology Research and Development, Chicago, June, 2000.
• S.P. Levine: "Direct Brain Interface Based on detection of Event Related Potentials in Elecrocorticogram." NP 2000 Neural Prosthesis: Motor Systems, Tversted, Denmark, June, 2000.
• S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, S.L. BeMent, M. Rohde, R. Kushwaha, L. Schuh, D. Ross: "Direct Brain Interface for Control of Assistive Technologies." 27th Annual Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NINDS/NIH, October, 1996.